Methods and apparatus to detect content skipping by a consumer of a recorded program

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus to detect content skipping by a consumer of a recorded program are disclosed. In a disclosed method, a plurality of recording times of sections of a recorded program are stored in association with playback times of the recorded program. Playback intervals between sequential pairs of the playback times are compared with corresponding recording intervals between sequential pairs of the recording times to determine if any portion of the recorded program was not played back in real time.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/483,825, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,248,777, which is a national phaseapplication filed on Jan. 13, 2004 under 35 U.S.C. §371 and which claimsthe benefit of international patent application serial numberPCT/US03/12001, which was filed on Apr. 17, 2003.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to audience measurement, and, moreparticularly, to methods and apparatus to detect content skipping by aconsumer of a recorded program.

BACKGROUND

Companies that rely on broadcast video and/or audio programs forrevenue, such as advertisers, television networks and content providers,wish to know the size and demographic composition of the audience(s)that consume their program(s). Audience measurement companies addressthis need by measuring the demographic composition of a set ofstatistically selected households and the program consumption habits ofthe member(s) of those households. For example, audience measurementcompanies may collect viewing data on a selected household by monitoringthe content displayed on that household's television(s) and byidentifying which household member(s) are watching that content.

Traditionally, broadcast programs have been consumed at the time ofbroadcast. Therefore, it was safe to assume that audience members usingan information presenting device such as a television or radio consumedthe entire broadcast stream during the period in which the informationpresenting device was in use. Recently, however, recording devices suchas audio cassette players, video cassette recorders (VCR's), set topboxes, digital video recorders, and personal video recorders, such asSonicBlue's ReplayTV®, TiVo® and other devices that permit content to berecorded and replayed in accordance with the desires of the audiencemembers have become commonplace. These devices have increased theaudience members' ability to time shift the consumption of broadcastprograms (i.e., to record a program at the time of broadcast and consumethat same program at a later time that suits the consumer). This abilityto time shift has also provided the consumer with enhanced power toconsume only selected portions of broadcast programs by, for example,skipping or fast-forwarding through portions of recorded content. Someconsumers have used this enhanced ability to avoid viewing advertisingcommercials or other portions of the broadcast program.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example system to developaudience measurement statistics.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an example apparatus to detectcontent skipping by a consumer of a recorded program.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate example log entry data structures that may becreated by the apparatus of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates another example log entry data structure that may becreated by the apparatus of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is an example chart identifying example segments, segment starttimes, and segment end times for an example program.

FIG. 6 is an example chart that may be developed by the apparatus ofFIG. 2 to record fast forwarded and/or skipped segments of a recordedprogram and rewound/replayed segments of the recorded program.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed by the digital recording device ofFIG. 1 to determine if a data logging device is coupled thereto.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed by the data logging device of FIG. 1to advise the digital recording device of its presence.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the apparatus of FIG. 2.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart representative of additional example machinereadable instructions that may be executed to implement the apparatus ofFIG. 2.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart representative of more example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the apparatus of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 12A-12C are a flowchart representative of additional examplemachine readable instructions that may be executed to implement theapparatus of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 13A-13B are a flowchart representative of still more examplemachine readable instructions that may be executed to implement theapparatus of FIG. 2.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart representative of still more example machinereadable instructions that may be executed to implement the apparatus ofFIG. 2.

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of an example device that may beused to execute the instructions represented by the flowcharts of FIGS.7-14 to implement the apparatus of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example system to developaudience measurement statistics. In the illustrated example, a centraldata collection office 10 is connected to a plurality of statisticallyselected households 12, 14, 16 via one or more public and/or privatenetworks 18. The monitored home sites 12, 14, 16 are provided withsensors and/or other passive and/or active data collection engines togather data identifying the broadcast programs consumed by the membersof the monitored households 12, 14, 16, and the household members thatconsumed those programs. The data collected in the monitored home sites12, 14, 16 is exported periodically or continuously to the centraloffice 10 via the network 18. The data collection office 10 includes oneor more computers that analyze the data received from the monitored homesites 12, 14, 16 to develop meaningful audience measurement statisticssuch as, for example, television ratings, audience share measurements,etc. The network 18 can be implemented by any desired network such as,for example, the Internet, the public switched telephone network, awireless connection, dedicated connections, etc.

In the illustrated example, the home sites 12, 14, 16 receive videoand/or audio programs broadcast from one or more broadcasting systems20. Although FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the broadcasting systems20 by a radio tower, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readilyappreciate that the broadcasting systems may be implemented by one ormore of a terrestrial broadcasting system, a cable broadcasting system,a satellite broadcasting system, the Internet, or any other broadcastingsystem.

The broadcast programs may include primary content (e.g., entertainment,informational and/or educational content such as movies, televisionnetwork programs, sporting events, news, etc.) and may also includesecondary content (e.g., commercials) interspersed within the primarycontent. It is frequently the case that the primary content is moredesirable to consumers then the secondary content, but this is notalways the case (e.g., commercials (i.e., secondary content) during theNFL Superbowl are sometimes of greater interest than the football game(i.e., the primary content)). For simplicity of discussion, in thefollowing it will be assumed that the broadcast program contains atelevision program (i.e., primary content) interspersed with commercials(i.e., secondary content) advertising products of a sponsor of thetelevision program.

The home sites 12, 14, 16 may include any number of informationpresenting devices 22 such as a television, a computer, a radio, astereo, an Internet appliance, etc. The home sites 12, 14, 16 may alsoinclude one or more recording devices such as an analog recording device(e.g., a magnetic tape recording device for recording audio programsand/or a video cassette recorder (VCR)), and/or a digital recordingdevice 24 such as a set top box, a digital video recorder, a personalvideo recorder, a computer, etc. The home site 12, 14, 16 may also beprovided with a data logging device 26 which is coupled to the digitalrecording device to collect, record and/or analyze data reflecting usageof the digital recording device 24. The data collected and/or analyzedby the data logging device 26 may be periodically exported to thecentral office 10 via the network 18 for further analysis and/ordistribution. The data exportation may be performed at regularlyscheduled time intervals and/or may be triggered by predeterminedevents.

If a digital or personal video recorder 24 is present in the home site12, 14, 16, the home site 12, 14, 16 may be connected to one or moreschedule warehouses 28 via one or more public and/or private networks18. In the illustrated example, the schedule warehouse 28 stores mediaschedules of broadcast programming for use by digital and/or personalvideo recorders 24. The media schedules stored in the schedule warehouse28 may be compiled from information provided by a number of sources. Forexample, they may be developed from information provided by broadcastersand/or content providers. The media schedules may include, among otherthings, the titles of programs to be broadcast, the scheduled broadcasttimes for the programs, the broadcast channels that are to carry thescheduled programs at the scheduled times, and the identities of thenetworks that intend to broadcast the programs. Some of the informationpresent in the media schedules may not be provided to thedigital/personal video recorders 24, but may instead be supplied toaudience measurement companies (e.g., the central office 10) to assistin computing ratings and/or audience demographics information. Thus, asshown in FIG. 1, the central office 10 may also be coupled to theschedule warehouse 28 via the network 18.

On a periodic basis, the digital/personal video recorders 24 retrievemedia schedule(s), or portion(s) thereof, from the schedule warehouse 28via the network 18. The retrieved schedules are stored in a local memoryof the digital and/or personal video recorder 24 for use in selectingand recording programs of interest. In the personal video recordercontext, the media schedules may include data that enables the personalvideo recorder 24 to select and store programs that may be of interestto the members of the household 12, 14, 16 based on prior viewing habitsand/or otherwise identified interests of those members.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an example apparatus 50 to detectportions of a recorded program that were not played back in real time(e.g., that were skipped, fast forwarded, paused, and/or rewound). Asexplained in further detail below, the example apparatus 50 of FIG. 2may be implemented by one or more of the digital recording device 24,the data logging device 26, and/or the central office 10. The apparatus50 is equipped to record and analyze data reflecting usage of, forexample, a digital recording device 24 in a home site 12, 14, 16.

For the purpose of logging recording or presentation times of abroadcast program recorded at a home site 12, 14, 16, the apparatus 50is provided with a time stamper 52. The time stamper 52 records aplurality of sequential times in association with the recorded program.In particular, the time stamper 52 records the times at which varioussections of a received broadcast program are received and/or stored in amemory 54 of, for example, a digital recording device 24. For example,if the digital recording device 24 is implemented by a digital/personalvideo recorder such as the TiVo® video recorder, the recorded programmay be processed in accordance with a modified version of the MPEG-2standard. In such an example, the broadcast program received by thedigital video recorder may be compressed and stored as two datastreams,namely, an audio datastream and a video datastream. Each of thedatastreams contains a series of data packets. Each of the packetsincludes a header and a payload. The header contains a number of fieldsto store information about the associated content of the packet and/orthe relationship of the packet to other packets in the datastream (e.g.,a packet sequence number). The payload section of the packet stores theprogram content (e.g., a section of the audio and/or video content ofthe broadcast program). The time stamper 52 writes the time at which thecorresponding payload was recorded by the digital/personal videorecorder 24 in a field of the header of the packet. In the example ofthe TiVo® digital/personal video recorder, the time stamps provided bythe time stamper 52 are presentation times (e.g., the times at which thecorresponding packets were received and/or stored by the TiVo® product)and are intended for use in synchronizing the packets of the audiodatastream and the packets of the video datastream during playback ofthe recorded program.

For the purpose of recording the playback rate of the recorded program,the apparatus 50 is further provided with a presentation time retriever56. When the recorded program is played back from the memory 54 (whichmay be within seconds or minutes of receipt of the broadcast program bythe digital recording device 24 if the consumer is “live” viewing thesame, or may be hours, days, weeks, months or longer after receipt ofthe broadcast program by the digital recording device 24), thepresentation time retriever 56 retrieves the recording/presentationtimes of some or all of the sections of the program being played backand stores those recording times in association with the playback timeof the corresponding sections of the program. In other words, as theprogram is played back, the presentation time retriever 56 periodicallycreates a running list of log entry data structures 58 such as thoseshown in FIGS. 3A-3C. The log entry data structures 58 are preferablycreated and populated at evenly spaced intervals of real time. Inparticular, each log entry data structure 58 is preferably created atsubstantially the time that a corresponding section of the recordedprogram is being played.

Each log entry 58 may include a playback date field 60 to store datarepresentative of the playback date (in this example, formatted asMM/DD/YYYY for month/day/year) of a corresponding section of therecorded program, a playback time field 62 to store data representativeof the playback time (in this example, formatted as HH:MM:SS.mmm forhour/minute/second/millisecond) of the corresponding section of theprogram being played, a recording date field 64 to store datarepresentative of the recording date (in this example, formatted asMM/DD/YYYY) of the section of the recorded program being played, and arecording time field 66 to store data representative of the recordingtime (in this example, formatted as HH:MM:SS.mmm) of that same sectionof the program. In the example of the TiVo® video recorder, thepresentation time retriever retrieves the presentation date/time fromthe header(s) of the packet(s) currently being played. The presentationtime retriever 56 then respectively stores the retrieved presentationdate/time in the recording date field 64 and recording time field 66 ofa log entry data structure 58 to associate that data with the playbacktime of the corresponding packet(s). Additionally, the presentation timeretriever 56 may store a current date and time in the playback datefield 60 and the playback time field 62 of that same log entry datastructure 58.

The presentation time retriever 56 may also retrieve a programidentifier from the packet header of the section of the recorded programcurrently being played back and store that identifier in one or moreprogram identification fields 68. The program identifier may be any formof information that identifies the program being played back (e.g., aprogram name, a program identification number, etc.), and/or the stationthat broadcast the program (e.g., a broadcast channel number, a stationname, or a standardized station identifier). In the example of FIGS.3A-3C, the program identification field 68 contains a universal programidentifier. As is know to persons or ordinary skill in the art, auniversal program identifier is a program code that identifies a programbased on a pre-defined, standardized code arrangement.

In the example of FIG. 2, the playback dates and times stored by thepresentation time retriever 56 are provided by the time stamper 52.However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that theplayback dates and times may alternatively be developed by thepresentation time retriever 56 and/or by a clock separate from the timestamper 52. Irrespective of their source, the playback times stored bythe presentation time retriever 56 preferably correspond to real timeand are evenly spaced. The playback spacing or intervals between theplayback times/log entry data structures 58 are a matter of designchoice. However, persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat shorter intervals between the recorded playback times/log entrydata structures 58 (i.e., the more playback times recorded, the fewerpackets that are played without logging their recording times),translate into more accurate identification of portions of the recordedprogram that were not played back in real time, and that shorterplayback intervals also translate into higher data collection volumeand, thus, more severe memory resource demands. In the illustratedexample, the playback intervals are 2.7 seconds long (i.e., a log entrydata structure 58 is created every 2.7 seconds). Although the evenlyspaced, equal playback intervals are currently preferred, persons ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, instead of beingtriggered by time, the creation of a log entry data structure 58 may betriggered by one or more predetermined events such that the playbackintervals are not equal and/or not evenly spaced in time.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, in examplesin which the same playback interval is consistently used between logentries, it is possible to not record the playback time in the runninglog because the log entry data structures 58 themselves inherentlyprovide both an indication of the time lapse between entries (i.e., itis always a consistent value such as, for example, 2.7 seconds) and theaggregate amount of time that has passed during playback. In otherwords, because we know that a log entry data structure 58 recording theplayback time of the section of the program currently being played backis made every, for example, 2.7 seconds, then we know that thetwenty-first log entry (e.g, the log entry data structure 58 of FIG. 3B)occurred 2.7 seconds after the twentieth log entry (e.g, the log entrydata structure 58 of FIG. 3A) without having to compute a playbackinterval between those data structures. However, even in cases where thesame playback interval is consistently used, it may be desirable torecord the playback times as a mechanism for sorting and/ordistinguishing between log entries.

An alternative example data structure 70 is shown in FIG. 4. Like theexample data structure 58 of FIGS. 3A-3C, the example data structure 70of FIG. 4 includes a playback date field 60, a recording date field 64,a recording time field 66, and a program identification field 68.However, unlike the data structure 58 of FIGS. 3A-3C, the data structure70 of FIG. 4 does not contain the playback time field 62 for the reasonsexplained above. The playback date field 60 is retained because it mightbe interesting to learn how much time passed between broadcast andplayback of the recorded program. Similarly, although not used in theexample of FIG. 4, the playback time field 62 is preferably retained inthe data structure 70 because it might be interesting to learn the timeof day at which the playback occurred.

As shown in FIG. 4, the example log entry data structure 70 includesmany fields not present in the example data structure 58 of FIGS. 3A-3B.For instance, the data structure 70 of FIG. 4 includes the followingfields: (a) a digital recording device serial number field 71, (b) asequence number field 72, (c) a tuner identification number field 73,(d) a playback mode indicator field 74, (e) an input source indicatorfield 76, (f) a channel number field 78, (g) a network name field 80,(h) a program name field 82, (i) a universal network identifier field 84and j) a checksum 86.

The digital recording device serial number field 71 may contain theserial number of the digital recording device 24 being monitored. Theserial number may be a variable-length string (e.g., 12345678) thatuniquely identifies a particular digital recording device 24 such as aset top box, a digital video recorder, and/or a personal video recorder.In monitored households 12, 14, 16 having multiple digital recordingdevices 24, the serial number of the digital recording devices 24 can beused to track the viewing habits within a household 12, 14, 16 on adigital recording device 24 by digital recording device 24 basis.

The sequence number field 72 may be used to number the data structures58, 70 to ensure that they are transmitted, analyzed, and/or processedin the correct order. The sequence number field may, for example, storean unsigned integer. For example, the integer may be a value in therange of 0-255. When the sequence number reaches 255, the sequencenumber value is returned to zero to again begin numbering the nextconsecutive sequence of data structures 58, 70 from 0-255.

The tuner number field 73 may contain a variable length stringidentifying the tuner that received the recorded program. For example,the tuner number field 73 may be used to indicate which tuner in adigital recording device 24 having multiple tuners was used to receivethe recorded program.

The playback mode indicator field 74 may contain playback mode indicatordata designating the operational mode of the digital recording device 24at the time the log file data structure 70 was generated. In theillustrated example, the playback mode indicator data may be a codedsuch that the code “1” indicates the device 24 is playing a livebroadcast, the code “2” indicates the device 24 is playing a recordedprogram, the code “3” indicates the device 24 is playing an alternativestream (e.g., a movie trailer which originates from the hard disk of thedevice 24 after being, for example, downloaded via the Internet or atelevision broadcast channel), the code “4” indicates the device 24 isrecording a user selected program, the code “5” indicates the device isrecording a program based on a user profile, the code “6” indicates theuser is accessing a full screen user interface or menu (without audio),and the code “7” indicates that the user is accessing a transparent userinterface screen that overlays a playing program (with audio). If theplayback mode data is code “6”, the broadcast time field 66, the inputsource field 76, the channel number field 78, the station name field 80,and the program name field 82 may be blank in this circumstance and thelog data may not identify the user's activity.

The input source indicator field 76 may contain a code that representsthe input source through which the stored broadcast 120 was received bythe digital recording device 24. The input source indicator field 76 maydesignate codes for different input sources to the digital recordingdevice 24. For example, the code “RF” may represent a radio frequencyinput, the code “SAT1” may represent a first satellite input, the code“SAT2” may represent a second satellite input, the code “COMP” mayindicate a composite input, the code “SVID” may represent an S-videoinput and the code “other” may indicate that the recorded program didnot come from a broadcast source, such as when the video was pre-loadedonto a hard disk or the video was delivered through a private channel orbroadband connection. In such circumstances, the video being viewed willnot be identified, and the playback time and channel number fields 62,78 will be left blank.

The channel number field 78 may contain data indicative of the channelnumber of the internal tuner of the digital recording device 24 (e.g., anumerical value of 0-99999), data indicative of a channel number of anexternal device such as a television (e.g., a numerical value of0-99999) coupled to the digital recording device 24, data indicative ofa minor channel, the code “manual,” and/or nothing. In the illustratedexample, a numeric value stored in the channel number field 78 indicatesa tuned channel number. However, the stored channel number in thechannel number field 78 may not be the same as the channel number thatis displayed in the user interface of the digital recording device 24because the user interface may display logical channel numbers that havebeen remapped into a single logical channel space.

In the illustrated example, the channel number field 78 contains dataindicative of the tuned channel of the external device, not the tunedchannel of the digital recording device 24, if an external device isconnected to the RF or satellite input (e.g., on channel 2, 3 or 4). Insuch circumstances, the input source field 76 indicates that the inputsource is “RF.” Therefore, interpretation of the data in the channelnumber field 78 is dependent on knowledge of the identity of the deviceconnected to the RF input of the digital recording device 24.

In the illustrated example, the channel number field 78 contains thecode “manual” when the user has requested a manual record from aparticular input source and has specified that the digital recordingdevice 24 should not change channels on the device before starting therecording process. The “manual” channel code may be used with devicesthat cannot be tuned (e.g., camcorders and other devices). The “manual”channel number may also be used with pay-per-view (PPV) events or othertypes of programs where the user is required to perform some specialaction to tune to the desired channel.

In the illustrated example, the network name field 80 contains avariable-length string of data indicative of the call letters or otherassociated name (e.g. “NBC”) of the broadcasting station that broadcastthe recorded program. Thus, the data in the network name field 80corresponds to the data contained in the channel number field 78. Thestation name may be determined, for example, by comparing the tunedchannel number from the tuned channel field 78 with a program schedulethat has been downloaded from the schedule warehouse 28. If the stationname cannot be determined, then the network name field 80 may be leftblank.

In the illustrated example, the program name field 82 contains avariable-length string of data representative of the name of therecorded program (e.g. “Friends”). The program name may be determined,for example, by comparing the tuned channel number contained in thechannel number field 78 with a program schedule that has been downloadedfrom the schedule warehouse 28. If the program name cannot bedetermined, then the program name field 82 may be left blank.

In the illustrated example, the network identifier field 84 containsdata representative of the network that broadcast the recorded program.For example, the data contained in the network identifier field 84 maybe a universal network identifier that is based on a standardizedarrangement such as the universal broadcast/cable station identifierarrangement. The universal broadcast/cable station identifierarrangement identifies each broadcast/cable station by a unique code.Alternatively, a multi-system operation (MSO) specific code may be used.

In the illustrated example, the checksum field 84 contains datarepresentative of a computed checksum. The computed checksum may be, forexample, a numerical value based on the number of bits set in thecorresponding data structure 58, 70. Any known software technique forgenerating checksums may be used to calculate and/or check the checksumvalue.

In order to determine if the audience has played a portion of therecorded program back in something other than real time, the apparatus50 is further provided with an interval detector 90 and a differencedetector 92. The interval detector 90 computes recording intervalsbetween the recording times appearing in successive ones of the logentry data structures 58, 70 developed by the presentation timeretriever 56. The interval detector 90 computes the recording intervalby finding the difference between the recording times appearing insuccessive log entries 58, 70. Persons of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that, if the recording times appearing in successive logentries 58, 70 are identical, then the recorded program has been pausedfor the duration of the corresponding playback interval (i.e., for theentire duration of the time between the log entries 58, 70 correspondingto the identical recording times). If, on the other hand, the differencebetween the recording times appearing in successive log entries 58, 70has a first sign (e.g., positive), then either the recorded program wasplayed back in real time or the recorded program was played back at arate different than real time (e.g., a portion of the program wasskipped or fast forwarded, or a portion of the program was played backin slow motion or was paused for less than the entire duration of theplayback interval). If instead the difference between the recordingtimes appearing in successive log entries 58, 70 has a second sign(e.g., negative), then the recorded program was rewound.

The interval detector 90 may also compute playback intervals. Inparticular, the interval detector 90 may optionally calculate thedifference between the playback times stored in successive log entries58, 70 to determine a playback interval corresponding to each pair ofsuccessive log entry data structures 58, 70. However, as explainedabove, if log entries 58, 70 are generated at regular intervals,calculating playback intervals for each pair of successive log datastructures 58, 70 may be dispensed with since the playback intervalswill always be the same. In such circumstances, the same, known constantvalue (e.g., 2.7 seconds) may be used for the playback intervals.

To determine if any portion(s) of the recorded program have been playedat a rate different then real time, the apparatus 50 is provided with adifference detector 92. The difference detector 92 determines if adifference exists between any of the recording intervals calculated bythe interval detector 90 and the corresponding playback interval. Inparticular, the difference detector 92 preferably subtracts a valuerepresentative of the recording interval calculated by the intervaldetector 90 from a value representative of the corresponding playbackinterval. (As mentioned above, the corresponding playback interval maybe a value calculated for each pair of data structures 58, 70, or it maybe a constant value based on the understanding that the log entries 58,70 are developed at a constant periodic rate.) If the differencecalculated by the difference detector 92 is zero, then the portion ofthe recorded program corresponding to the recording times stored in thedata structures 58, 70 was played back in real time. If, on the otherhand, the difference calculated by the difference detector 92 isnon-zero, then the portion of the recorded program corresponding to therecording times stored in the data structures 58, 70 was not played backin real time. In particular, if the playback interval is smaller thanthe recording interval such that the difference calculated by thedifference detector 92 is negative, then the portion of the recordedprogram corresponding to the recording times stored in the datastructures 58, 70 was advanced faster than real time (e.g., the portionwas at least partially skipped and/or fast forwarded). Otherwise, if theplayback interval is larger than the recording interval (or therecording interval has a negative sign due to a rewind event) such thatthe difference calculated by the difference detector 92 is positive,then the portion of the recorded program corresponding to the recordingtimes stored in the data structures 58, 70 was at least partially playedin slow motion, rewound, and/or paused for less than the full timeinterval between the corresponding data structures 58, 70.

To identify the segment(s) in the portion of the recorded program thatwere not played back in real time, the apparatus 50 is further providedwith a non-real time content identifier 94. The non-real time contentidentifier 94 responds to detection of non-zero differences by thedifference detector 92 by searching a database to determine theidentities of the program segments that were skipped, fast forwarded,and/or rewound. For example, the database may include a plurality ofprogram tables identifying the start times, end times, and names of thesegments of broadcast programs. Each of the program tables may beassociated with a respective broadcast program, and the start and endtimes appearing in those program tables may be normalized as explainedbelow (e.g., such that the start of broadcast time is time zero).

The program tables may be created by the schedule warehouse 28, thecentral office 10, content providers, and/or broadcast stations. Anexample program table that may be used by the non-real time contentidentifier 94 to identify the segment(s) of an example recorded programthat were not played in real time is shown in FIG. 5.

In the example of FIG. 5, the program table includes a name column, astart time column, and an end time column. The name column is populatedwith unique names of the segments of the corresponding program. Forinstance, in the example of FIG. 5, the program includes the followingsegments: (a) introduction, (b) commercial 1, (c) content 1, (d)commercial 2, (e) content 2, (f) commercial 3, (g) content 3, etc. Thestart time and end time columns are populated with the start and endtimes of the corresponding program segments. Preferably the start timesand end times stored in the program table are normalized to the start ofa broadcast interval rather than reflective of actual broadcast times.For example, the program of FIG. 5 is to run the introduction segmentfrom time zero (i.e., the start of the broadcast interval) until time00:03:30.003 (i.e., for a length of three minutes, thirty seconds, and 3milliseconds). By way of another example, the segment entitled“commercial 1” is to start three minutes, thirty seconds, and 3milliseconds after the broadcast interval begins.

Normalized times are preferably used in the program tables instead ofactual broadcast times because, due to reflections during transmission,geographic distances, etc., different home sites 12, 14, 16 may receivethe same broadcast program at slightly different times. However, all ofthe relative lengths of the broadcast segments as received at the homesites 12, 14, 16 will be the same from site to site regardless oftransmission delays. Therefore, by normalizing the start and end timesof the program tables to the start times of the programs they represent,and by normalizing the start times and the end times recorded in the logentry data structures 58, 70 to the overall start (i.e., received) timeof the recorded program, the effect of transmission differences betweenhouseholds can be reduced to thereby allow the non-real time contentidentifier 94 to use the same table to identify the program segmentsthat were subjected to non-real time playback activity regardless of thelocation of the monitored home site 12, 14, 16 that exhibited thenon-real time playback event.

The non-real time content identifier 94 may begin the search process bylocating the program table (if any) corresponding to the recordedprogram. The located program table may then be searched for thesegment(s) corresponding to the portion of the recorded program whichexperienced something other than real-time playback. For example, thenon-real time content identifier 94 may compare the normalized starttime of the recording interval of the recorded program at issue to thestart times appearing in the program table associated with thecorresponding program (see FIG. 5). Persons of ordinary skill in the artwill readily appreciate that it is unlikely that the normalized starttime of the recording interval that experienced non-real time activitywill correspond exactly to one of the start times appearing in theprogram chart, because the audience member causing the non-real timeeffect is unlikely to send a command to, for example, fast forward,pause, or rewind, at precisely the normalized start time of a programsegment. Instead, it is likely that the normalized start time of therecording interval at issue will fall within a range (e.g., +/−30seconds) around a start time of one of the intervals. Therefore, thenon-real time content identifier 94 is structured to find a matchbetween the start time of the recording interval at issue and a starttime of a segment appearing in the program table, if the correspondingstart times are within some threshold amount (T) of one another.

Because the portion of the recorded program that experienced non-realtime activity may encompass more than one segment of the recordedprogram, in addition to searching the program table (see FIG. 5) for acorresponding start time, the non-real time content identifier 94 alsosearches the program table associated with the recorded program for anend time that matches the normalized end time of the recording intervalthat was subjected to non-real time playback. As with the start timesearch, it is likely that the normalized end time of the recordinginterval at issue will fall within a range (e.g., +/−30 seconds) aroundan end time of one of the intervals. Therefore, the non-real timecontent identifier 94 is structured to find a match between the end timeof the recording interval at issue and an end time of a segmentappearing in the program table, if the corresponding end times arewithin some threshold amount (T) of one another.

Once a matching start time and a matching end time are identified in theprogram table, the non-real time content identifier 94 identifies thesegment(s) corresponding to the substantially matching start and endtimes as the segment(s) of the recorded program that were subjected tonon-real time playback. For instance, in the example of FIG. 5, if thestart time of the recording interval that was subjected to non-real timeactivity substantially matches the start time of the segment entitled“commercial 2,” and the end time of the recording interval substantiallymatches the end time of the segment entitled “commercial 2,” then thenon-real time content identifier 94 identifies the segment “commercial2” as the portion of the recorded program that was subjected to non-realtime playback (e.g., skipped or fast forwarded). As another example, ifthe start time of the recording interval that was subjected to non-realtime activity substantially matches the start time of the segmententitled “commercial 2,” and the end time of the recording intervalsubstantially matches the end time of the segment entitled “content 2,”then the non-real time content identifier 94 identifies both the segmententitled “commercial 2” and the segment entitled “content 2” as theportion of the recorded program that was subjected to non-real timeplayback (e.g., skipped or fast forwarded).

If the non-real time activity being analyzed by the non-real timecontent identifier 94 was an advancing event (e.g., skipping, fastforwarding, pausing or slow playing), then the recording interval willhave a positive sign and the non-real time content identifier 94 willuse the normalized playback time of the first created data structure inthe pair of data structures 58, 70 associated with the playback intervalas the start time and the normalized playback time of the second createddata structure in the pair of data structures 58, 70 associated with theplayback interval as the end time. If, on the other hand, the non-realtime activity was a rewinding event, then the recording interval willtypically have a negative sign (unless the rewind was very short (e.g.,less than one half the length of the playback interval)) and thenon-real time content identifier 94 will use the normalized playbacktime of the second created data structure in the pair of data structures58, 70 associated with the playback interval as the start time and thenormalized playback time of the first created data structure in the pairof data structures 58, 70 associated with the playback interval as theend time. This latter approach enables the non-real time contentidentifier 94 to record the segments of the recorded program encompassedwithin the rewound interval. Persons of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate, however, that, just because the segments were rewound, doesnot mean that all of those segments were watched. Therefore, if any ofthe rewound segments are subjected to further non-real time playback(e.g., rewinding, fast forwarding, pausing, and/or skipping), theapparatus 50 will log that activity for later reconciliation asexplained below.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that alternativemethods of identifying the segments of the recorded program that weresubjected to non-real time playback activity may alternatively beemployed. For example, rather than requiring a start or end time of therecording interval to respectively fall within a range around a starttime and end time appearing in the program table, the non-real timecontent identifier 94 may alternatively search the program table todetermine if the recording interval overlaps with at least apredetermined portion (e.g., 10%) of one or more of the known intervalsreflected in that table. The non-real time content identifier 94 maythen identify the segment(s) associated with the known interval(s) thatare sufficiently overlapped by the recording interval that experiencednon-real time playback as the segment(s) that were not played back inreal time.

Irrespective of the methodology employed for determining the identitiesof the segments of the recorded program that were subjected to non-realtime playback activity (e.g., fast forwarding, pausing, skipping, and/orrewinding), the non-real time content identifier 94 preferably recordsthe determined identities of the segments in a recapture table such asthe example recapture table shown in FIG. 6. In the example of FIG. 6,the recapture table includes two columns. A first column is used tostore the identities of all segments of the recorded program that wereadvanced in time during the recording interval at a rate faster thanreal time. Thus, the first column stores the identities (in thisexample, represented by segment numbers), of any segments that thenon-real time content identifier 94 identifies as having been skippedand/or fast forwarded. The second column of the recapture table of FIG.6 is used to store the identities of all segments of the recordedprogram that were rewound.

As mentioned above, a segment of a recorded program that is initiallyskipped and/or fast forwarded may later be viewed in real time if aportion of the recorded program encompassing that segment is rewound. Todetermine if a portion of the recorded program that was passed at a rategreater than real time was viewed in real time as a result of rewindingthe recorded program, the apparatus 50 is further provided with arecapture identifier 96. In the illustrated example, the recaptureidentifier 96 compares the segment names appearing in the first columnof the recapture table of FIG. 6 with the segment names appearing in thesecond column of the recapture table of FIG. 6. Whenever the recaptureidentifier 96 encounters the same segment name in both columns, therecapture identifier 96 removes the pair of segment names from thetable. The segment names remaining in the advanced column of therecapture table after the recapture identifier 96 has checked everyentry of the advanced column for a corresponding entry in the rewoundcolumn, represent the segments that were skipped and/or fast forwardedwithout being recaptured by a rewind. The segment names remaining in therewound column of the recapture table after the recapture identifier 96has checked every entry of the advanced column for a corresponding entryin the rewound column, represent the segments that were rewound andreviewed.

It must be emphasized that the recapture identifier 96 cancels onesegment name in each column of the recapture table when a match isidentified. Thus, if the same segment name appears twice in the advancedcolumn and once in the rewound column, the recapture identifier 96 willremove one instance of the segment name from the advanced column and theone instance of that segment name from the rewound column, but thesecond instance of the segment name will remain in the advanced column,because the second entry of the segment name in the advanced columnindicates that the segment was again skipped and/or fast forwarded afterthe rewound event. For instance, in the example of FIG. 6, segment “5”was fast forwarded and/or skipped one time and rewound one time suchthat the fast forwarding/skipping event and rewinding event cancel eachother out and, absent other data, segment “5” was played at real timeone time. Therefore, when the recapture identifier 96 processes therecapture table, it will remove both references to segment “5” from therecapture table. As a result, when the processing of the recapture tableis complete, there will be no reference to segment “5” in the recapturetable, thereby indicating that segment “5” was viewed in real time.

On the other hand, segment “8” appears twice in the advanced column andonce in the rewound column because, although it was rewound once, it wasfast forwarded twice (i.e., it was never played in real time).Therefore, when the recapture identifier 96 processes the recapturetable of FIG. 6, it will remove one instance of the segment “8” from theadvanced column and the only instance of segment “8” from the rewoundcolumn. As a result, when the processing of the recapture table of FIG.6 is complete, there will be one reference to segment “8” in theadvanced column, but no reference to that segment in the rewound column,thereby indicating that segment “8” was fast forwarded and/or skippedand not recaptured by a rewind event.

In another example, segment “7” only appears in the rewound column ofthe example recapture table of FIG. 6. As a result, when the processingof the recapture table of FIG. 6 is complete, there will be onereference to segment “7” in the rewound column, but no reference to thatsegment in the advanced column, thereby indicating that segment “7” wastwice viewed in real time.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the apparatus50 may be located in a single device (e.g., the digital recording device24) or distributed across multiple devices. For instance, in the exampleof FIG. 1, the apparatus 50 may be implemented by the digital recordingdevice 24, the data logging device 26, and/or the central office 10. Ina more specific example, the time stamper 52, a portion of the memory54, and the presentation time retriever 56 are implemented by thedigital recording device 24, and the interval detector 90, thedifference detector 92, the non-real time content identified 94, aportion of the memory 54, and the recapture identifier 96 areimplemented by the data logging device 26 and/or the central office 10.If the interval detector 90, the difference detector 92, the non-realtime content identified 94 and the recapture identifier 96 areimplemented by the data logging device 26, the processed data entrystructures 50, 78 and recapture table(s) (see FIG. 6) may beperiodically exported to the central office via the network 18 forcompilation with data from other home sites 12, 14, 16 and/or furtheranalysis. If the interval detector 90, the difference detector 92, thenon-real time content identified 94 and the recapture identifier 96 areimplemented by the central office 10, the data logging device 26 may beexcluded or may function as a store and forward repository for the logentry data structures 58, 70.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the apparatus 50 of FIG. 2 are shown in FIGS. 7-14. In thisexample, the machine readable instructions comprise one or more programsfor execution by one or more processors such as the processor 1012 shownin the example device 1000 discussed below in connection with FIG. 15.The program(s) may be embodied in software stored on a tangible mediumsuch as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk(DVD), or a memory associated with a processor, but persons of ordinaryskill in the art will readily appreciate that the entire program(s)and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device otherthan a processor and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware in awell known manner. For example, any or all of the time stamper 52, thepresentation time retriever 56, the interval detector 90, the differencedetector 92, the non-real time content identifier 94, and/or therecapture identifier 96 could be implemented by software, hardware,and/or firmware. Further, although the example program(s) are describedwith reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 7-14, persons ofordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that many othermethods of implementing the example apparatus 50 may alternatively beused. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed,and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, orcombined.

The programs of FIGS. 7 and 8 may be used in examples wherein the datalogging device 26 is used to store, analyze and/or forward the log entrydata structures 58, 70 output by the digital recording device 24. Insuch an example, the digital recording device 24 may execute the programof FIG. 7 and the data logging device 26 may execute the program of FIG.8 to enable the digital recording device 24 to determine if the datalogging device 26 is connected and, thus, if logging of user activity isdesired. The digital recording device 24 and the data logging device 26may be connected in any desired manner. For example, they may beconnected via a serial connection (e.g., a DB-9 connection or a USBconnection).

Irrespective of how the digital recording device 24 and data loggingdevice 26 are connected, the program of FIG. 7 begins at block 100 wherethe processor of the digital recording device 24 sets an attempt counterto a maximum value (e.g., 30). The processor of the digital recordingdevice 24 then send a message to the digital logging device 26 (block102) to determine if a digital logging device 24 is connected to itsoutput port (e.g., a DB-9 serial port). If the digital recording device24 receives an acknowledgement signal back from the data logging device26 (block 104), control advances to block 114. Otherwise, controladvances to block 106.

Assuming for purposes of discussion that an acknowledgement has not beenreceived (block 104), the processor of the digital recording device 24decrements the attempts counter by one (block 106). If the attemptscounter has reached zero (block 108), it is determined that no datalogging device 26 is coupled to the digital recording device 24. As aresult, the logging function of the digital recording device 26 isdisabled such that no usage data is collected and stored in the datastructures 58, 70 (block 110). The program of FIG. 7 then terminates.

If, on the other hand, the attempts counter has not reached zero (block108), then control advances to block 112. At block 112, the processor ofthe digital recording device 24 determines if sufficient time has passedto again try to contact the logging device 26. When sufficient time haspassed (block 112), control returns to block 103 where the processor ofthe digital recording device 24 sends another message to the datalogging device 24. Control continues to loop through blocks 102-112until the attempt counter reaches zero (block 108) and the loggingfunction is disabled (block 110), or until an acknowledgement message isreceived back from an attached data logging device 26 (block 104).

If an acknowledgement signal is received back from a data logging device(block 104), the processor of the digital recording device 24 starts arecording thread as explained below in connection with FIG. 9.

FIG. 8 illustrates a program that may be executed by the data loggingdevice 26 at start-up. The program begins at block 120 where theprocessor of the data logging device 26 enters a loop wherein the datalogging device 26 waits to receive data from the digital recordingdevice 24. If a data signal is received (block 120), the processor ofthe data logging device 26 waits a predetermined length of time (block122) and then sends an acknowledgement signal back to the digitalrecording device 24 (block 124). (The returned acknowledgement signal isthe signal the digital recording device is seeking at block 104 of FIG.1.) The data logging device 26 then stores, analyzes, and/or forwardsthe data structures 58, 70 received from the digital recording device 24as explained in further detail below.

From the foregoing, persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat the example of FIGS. 7-8 employs a handshaking method wherein thepresence or absence of an acknowledgement signal is used to detect if adata logging device 26 is coupled to a digital recording device 24. Inthe example of FIGS. 7-8, if no data logging device 26 is attached, thedigital recording device 24 will not log data reflecting its usagepattern. In the illustrated example, once the data logging functionalityis disabled, there will be no attempt to re-enable the same unless are-set or power-up event of the digital recording device 24 occurs.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that theprograms of FIGS. 7-8 may be eliminated in examples wherein the digitalrecording device 24 alone implements the apparatus 50 and/or in examplesin which the digital recording device 24 implements the apparatus 50 incooperation with the central office 10 without the use of a data loggingdevice 26. Although as explained above, there are numerous ways toimplement the functionality of the apparatus 50, for simplicity ofexplanation, the discussion of FIGS. 9-14 below assumes the presence ofa data logging device 26 wherein the data logging device 26 implementsthe interval detector 90, the difference detector 92, the non-real timecontent identified 94 and the recapture identifier 96, and the datalogging device periodically exports the data it collects and analyzes tothe central office 10 for compilation with data from other monitoredsites 12, 14.

Assuming that the digital recording device 24 has initiated the recordthread (block 114, FIG. 7), the record thread begins by entering a loopwherein it awaits the receipt of program data by the digital recordingdevice 24 (block 200). Program data may be received from many sources.For example, it may be tuned data developed by a tuner of the digitalrecording device 24, it may be data received by the digital recordingdevice 24 from an external device via, for example, an RF input, aSatellite input, or an S-video input, etc. When program data is received(block 200), the digital recording device 24 packetizes the receivedprogram data into one or more datastreams (block 202). For example, ifthe digital recording device 24 is a TiVo® digital/personal videorecorder, the received program data may be packetized into a stream ofvideo packets and a stream of audio packets. The time stamper 52 thenwrites the present time into one or more headers of the packets in thedatastream(s) (block 204). The recording of these presentation times inthe datastream(s) may be intended, for example, for use in synchronizinga video datastream and an audio datastream, but is also used foridentifying non-real time activity as explained further below.

Other data may also be written into the datastream(s) (block 206). Forexample, any or all of a program identifier, a digital recording deviceserial number, the input port from which the data was received, thechannel number, the station name, the program name, and the stationidentifier associated with the program being recorded may be recorded inthe datastream(s). After the packet(s) are completely populated (block206), they are stored in the memory 54 (block 208).

The digital recording device 24 then determines if a playback command(e.g., play, rewind, pause, fast forward, etc.) has been received (block210). If so, the digital recording device 24 initiates the playbackthread (block 212) as explained below in connection with FIG. 10.Otherwise, control advances to block 214.

At block 214, the digital recording device 24 determines if the loggingfunctionality has been initiated. If so, the digital recording device 24initiates the export thread as explained below in connection with FIG.11 (block 216). Otherwise, if the logging functionality has not beeninitiated (block 214), control returns to block 200 without passingthrough block 216.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that typically onlyone playback thread and one export thread will execute at a given time.

Assuming a playback thread has been initiated, at block 220 of FIG. 10,the digital recording device 24 retrieves the packet(s) of one or moredatastream(s) corresponding to the program specified by the user fromthe memory 54 for playback in accordance with the user's instructions.The digital recording device 24 then determines if the loggingfunctionality is enabled by, for example, checking a flag set at block110 of FIG. 7 (block 222). If the logging functionality is not enabled(block 206), control advances to block 232. Otherwise control proceedsto block 224.

Assuming for purposes of discussion that the logging functionality isenabled (block 222), the digital recording device 24 creates a log entrydata structure (e.g., data structure 58 or data structure 70) (block224). The time stamper 52 then writes one or more of the current timeand date into the playback fields 60, 62 of the data structure 58, 70(block 226). Control then advances to block 228.

At block 228, the presentation time retriever 56 extracts thepresentation/recording time from the packet(s) currently being played(block 228). Other data may also be extracted from the packet(s) (block228). For example, any or all of a program identifier, a digitalrecording device serial number, the input port from which the data wasreceived, the channel number, the station name, the program name, andthe station identifier associated with the recorded program may beextracted from the packet(s) that are currently being played.

The data extracted by the presentation time retriever 56 is written intothe corresponding field of the log entry data structure 58, 70 such thatthe extracted data is associated with the playback time of thecorresponding packet(s) (block 230). Control then advances to block 232.

Irrespective of whether control reaches block 232 from block 222 orblock 230, at block 232 the digital recording device 24 outputs thepacket(s) to an information presenting device such as a television. Thedigital recording device 24 then determines if all of the packets of therecorded program requested by the user of the digital recording device24 have been output (block 234). If so, the playback thread terminates.Otherwise, control returns to block 220.

Control continues to loop through blocks 220-234 until all of thepacket(s) associated with the recorded program requested by the consumerhave been output (block 234). The playback thread then terminates asexplained above.

Assuming the export thread has been initiated, at block 240 of FIG. 11,the digital recording device 24 determines if a minimum interval of timehas passed since the last message containing a log entry data structurewas exported to, for example, the data logging device 26. If not,control remains at block 240 until that time interval has passed. Thedigital recording device 24 then attempts to export the next messagecontaining a log entry data structure 58, 70 (block 242). The messagesent at block 242 is queued in a low priority thread such that it doesnot impact the perceptible usage of the device 24 by the consumer. Thequeue may contain multiple messages. The messages contained in the queuemay be sent in the order they were created or out of order. In the casewhere out or order exporting is possible, sequence numbers may be usedto re-order the messages upon receipt.

At block 244, the digital recording device 24 determines if the messageis still pending in the queue. If the message has been sent, controlreturns to block 240 to await the time to send the next messagecontaining the next log entry data structure 58, 70. Otherwise, thedigital recording device 24 determines if the maximum time interval(e.g., 30 seconds) between exporting of messages containing log entrydata structures has passed (block 246). If that allotted time has notpassed (block 246), control returns to block 244. Otherwise, if themaximum permitted delay in transmitting a queued message has passed(block 246), the message containing the excessively delayed messagecontaining the log entry data structure is converted to a high prioritymessage and immediately exported (block 248). Control then returns toblock 240.

Control continues to loop through blocks 240-248 until the export threadis terminated by, for example, turning off the digital recording device24. Thus, once the export thread is initiated (block 216, FIG. 9), itwill continue to export messages containing log entry data structures58, 70 until operation of the digital recording device 24 isinterrupted. Since, in the illustrated example, a data structure 58, 70is created every 2.7 seconds, the digital recording device 24 may exportup to 32,000 data structures 58, 70 per day describing what the user isviewing via the digital recording device 24 at any given time. Ofcourse, asynchronous models which create data structures based ondetected events in addition to or in place of the expiration of set timeintervals would export different quantities of data structures.

An example program for implementing the interval detector 90 and thedifference detector 92 is shown in FIGS. 12A-12C. The example program ofFIGS. 12A-12C may be executed, for example, by the data logging device26 and/or the central office 10. Alternatively, the program of FIGS.12A-12C could be executed by the digital recording device 24.

The program of FIGS. 7A-7C begins at block 270 where the intervaldetector 90 retrieves a pair of contiguous log entry data structures 58,70. The interval detector 90 then calculates a presentation timedifference (i.e., a recording time interval) by subtracting thepresentation time value recorded in the older data structure 58, 70 fromthe presentation time value recorded in the newer data structure 58, 70(block 272). The interval detector 90 may then calculate a real timedifference (i.e., a playback interval) between the data structures 58,70 by subtracting the playback time value recorded in the older datastructure 58, 70 from the playback time value recorded in the newer datastructure 58, 70 (block 274). As explained above, block 272 may beeliminated if the log entry data structures 58, 70 are created at aconstant, fixed interval so that the real time difference between logentry data structures 58, 70 is always a known constant.

After the recording time interval and playback time intervals areobtained (blocks 272 & 274), the difference detector 92 determines ifthe presentation time difference (i.e., the recording interval) betweenthe pair of log entry data structures 58, 70 is zero (block 276). If so,the recorded program was paused for the entire playback interval betweenthe data structures (block 278), that fact is logged and controladvances to block 298 (FIG. 12B). At block 298, the interval detector 90determines is the last pair of log entry data structures 58, 70 havebeen analyzed. If not, control returns to block 270 (FIG. 12A).Otherwise, control advances to block 300 where the recapture identifier96 is invoked as explained below in connection with FIG. 14.

If the presentation time difference (i.e., the recording interval)between the pair of log entry data structures 58, 70 is not zero (block276), a full interval pause did not occur and control advances to block280.

At block 280, the difference detector 92 determines if the recordinginterval is less than the playback interval. If the recording interval(i.e, the presentation time difference) is smaller than the playbackinterval (i.e., the real time interval) between the data structures 58,70 (block 280), the corresponding portion of the recorded program hasbeen paused or rewound and control advances to block 286. If thepresentation time difference is a positive value, then a brief pauseevent or slow motion playback occurred, the same is noted, and controlreturns to block 298 of FIG. 12B.

If the presentation time difference is negative, a rewind event hasoccurred and control advances to block 288. At block 288, the non-realtime content identifier 94 is invoked. As explained below in connectionwith FIGS. 13A-13B, the non-real time content identifier 94 returns anidentification of the segment(s) of the recorded program that wererewound. The returned segment names are written in the rewound column ofa recapture table such as that shown in FIG. 6 (block 290). Control thenadvances to block 298 of FIG. 12B as explained above.

If the recording interval is not less than the playback interval (block280, FIG. 12A), control advances to block 292 of FIG. 12B. At block 292,the difference detector 92 determines if the recording interval is equalto the playback interval. If the recording interval (i.e, thepresentation time difference) is not equal to the playback interval(i.e., the real time interval) between the data structures 58, 70 (block292), the corresponding portion of the recorded program has been skippedand/or fast forwarded and control advances to block 294. At block 294,the non-real time content identifier 94 is invoked. As explained belowin connection with FIGS. 13A-13B, the non-real time content identifier94 returns an identification of the segment(s) of the recorded programthat were skipped and/or fast forwarded. The returned segment names arewritten in the advanced column of a table such as that shown in FIG. 6(block 296). Control then advances to block 298.

If the recording interval (i.e, the presentation time difference) isequal to the playback interval (i.e., the real time interval) betweenthe data structures 58, 70 (block 292), the corresponding portion of therecorded program has not been skipped and/or fast forwarded and controladvances directly to block 298.

Control continues to loop through blocks 270-298 until every pair of logentry data structures 58, 70 in a block of such data (e.g., a block ofdata corresponding to 30 minutes of monitoring) have been analyzed fornon-real time activity (block 298). When that occurs, the recaptureidentifier 96 is invoked to operate on that block of data (block 300).After the recapture identifier 96 analyzes the data as explained belowin connection with FIG. 14, control returns to block 270 to start theanalysis of the next block of data.

As mentioned above, the non-real time content identifier 94 is invokedat block 288 of FIG. 12C and block 294 of FIG. 12B. The operation of thenon-real time content identifier 94 will now be explained in connectionwith FIGS. 13A-13B. The identify non-real time content routine begins atblock 312 when the non-real time content identifier 94 retrieves theidentity of the recorded program from one of the corresponding log entrydata structures 58, 70 and a program table such as the example programtable shown in FIG. 5 for the recorded program from a database ofprogram tables. The non-real time content identifier 94 then retrievesthe recording times for the portion of the recorded program thatexperienced non-real time activity from the log entry data structures58, 70 (block 314). The retrieved times are then normalized by, forexample, subtracting the start time of the recorded program as recordedin the log entry data structures 58, 70 from the recording timesretrieved from the log entry data structures 58, 70 (block 316).

Once the retrieved times are normalized (block 316), a pointer is set topoint to the first segment identified in the program table correspondingto the recorded program (see FIG. 5) and the start and end times of thepointed to interval are retrieved from the program table (block 318).The non-real time content identifier 94 then determines if the starttime for the interval being identified is substantially equal to (e.g.,falls within some range of) the start time of the interval pointed to inthe program table (block 320). If not, the pointer is moved to point tothe next segment in the program table (block 322), and control returnsto block 320. Control continues to loop through blocks 320-322 until amatch between the start time for the interval being identified and thestart time of the interval pointed to in the program table occurs (block320). When a match occurs, the segment corresponding to the matchedstart time is recorded and control then advances to block 324 (FIG.13B).

At block 324, the non-real time content identifier 94 determines if theend time for the interval being identified is substantially equal to(e.g., falls within some range of) the end time of the interval pointedto in the program table. If not, the pointer is moved to point to thenext segment in the program table (block 326), and control returns toblock 324. Control continues to loop through blocks 324-326 until asubstantial match between the end time for the interval being identifiedand the end time of the interval pointed to in the program table occurs(block 324). When a match occurs, the segment corresponding to thematched end time is recorded and control then advances to block 328.

If the non-real time content identifier 94 has recorded a segmentcorresponding to the start time of the portion of the recorded programthat experienced non-real time activity and a segment corresponding tothe end time of the portion of the recorded program that experiencednon-real time activity (block 328), the non-real time content identifier94 records the identities of the segment corresponding to the starttime, the segment corresponding to the end time, and any segment(s)falling between the start time and the end time of the portion of therecorded program that experienced non-real time activity. Persons ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that if the start and endtimes identified at block 320 and 324 correspond to a single segment,then only one segment is recorded at block 330. With the segmentidentity(ies) recorded (block 330), control returns to the calling block(i.e., block 288 or block 294).

If the non-real time content identifier 94 has not recorded a segmentcorresponding to the start time of the portion of the recorded programthat experienced non-real time activity and a segment corresponding tothe end time of the portion of the recorded program that experiencednon-real time activity (block 328), the non-real time content identifier94 records the identity of the portion of the recorded program thatexperienced non-real time activity as “unidentified segment” (block332). Control then returns to the calling block (i.e., block 288 orblock 294).

It will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art that thestart time of the portion of the recorded program employed at block 320is the normalized start time retrieved from the earlier created logentry data structure 58, 70 if the non-real time content identifier 94is invoked from block 294 of FIG. 12B (i.e., a skipped and or fastforwarded portion is being identified). Similarly, the end time of theportion of the recorded program employed at block 324 is the normalizedend time retrieved from the later created log entry data structure 58,70 if the non-real time content identifier 94 is invoked from block 294of FIG. 12B (i.e., a skipped and or fast forwarded portion is beingidentified).

Conversely, it will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in theart that the start time of the portion of the recorded program employedat block 320 is the normalized start time retrieved from the latercreated log entry data structure 58, 70 if the non-real time contentidentifier 94 is invoked from block 288 of FIG. 12C (i.e., a rewoundportion is being identified). Similarly, the end time of the portion ofthe recorded program employed at block 324 is the normalized end timeretrieved from the earlier created log entry data structure 58, 70 ifthe non-real time content identifier 94 is invoked from block 288 ofFIG. 12C (i.e., a rewound portion is being identified).

As mentioned above, the recapture identifier 96 is invoked at block 300of FIG. 12B. The operation of the recapture identifier 96 will now beexplained in connection with FIG. 14. The recapture routine begins atblock 350 when the recapture identifier 96 determines if there are anyrewound segments identified in the recapture table (e.g., the recapturetable of FIG. 6). If there are no rewound segments in the recapturetable (block 350), the recapture routine immediately terminates andcontrol returns to block 270 of FIG. 12A. If there are rewound segmentsin the recapture table (block 350), the recapture identifier 96determines if there are any fast forwarded and/or skipped segmentsidentified in the recapture table (block 352). If there are no fastforwarded and/or skipped segments in the recapture table (block 352),the recapture routine immediately terminates and control returns toblock 270 of FIG. 12A. If there are fast forwarded and/or skippedsegments in the recapture table (block 352), control advances to block354.

At block 354, the recapture identifier 96 retrieves the first fastforwarded and/or skipped segment from the recapture table. The recaptureidentifier 96 then compares the retrieved fast forwarded and/or skippedsegment to the segment(s) listed in the recapture table as rewoundsegments (block 356). If the retrieved fast forwarded and/or skippedsegment appears on the rewound list of the recapture table (block 356),the retrieved segment is deleted from both the advanced list and therewound list of the recapture table (block 358) and control advances toblock 360. Otherwise, control advances directly from block 356 to block360.

At block 360, the recapture identifier 96 determines if every segment inthe advanced segment list of the recapture table has been compared tothe segment(s) appearing in the rewound list of the recapture table. Ifnot, control advances to block 362 where the next segment appearing inthe advanced list of the recapture table is retrieved. Control thenreturns to block 356.

Control continues to loop through blocks 356-360 until every segment inthe advanced list has been compared to the segment(s) in the rewoundlist (block 360). The recapture routine then terminates and controlreturns to block 270 of FIG. 12A.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an example device 1000 capable ofimplementing the apparatus and methods disclosed herein. In particular,the device 1000 can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, aCD player, a digital video recorder, a personal video recorder, a settop box, device, an application specific device such as the data loggingdevice 26, or any other type of computing device.

The system 1000 of the instant example includes a processor 1012. Forexample, the processor 1012 can be implemented by one or more Intel®microprocessors from the Pentium® family, the Itanium® family or theXScale® family. Of course, other processors from other families are alsoappropriate.

The processor 1012 is in communication with a main memory including avolatile memory 1014 and a non-volatile memory 1016 via a bus 1018. Thevolatile memory 1014 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic RandomAccess Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUSDynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of randomaccess memory device. The non-volatile memory 1016 may be implemented byflash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access tothe main memory 1014, 1016 is typically controlled by a memorycontroller (not shown) in a conventional manner.

The device 1000 also includes a conventional interface circuit 1020. Theinterface circuit 1020 may be implemented by any type of well knowninterface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serialbus (USB), a high performance serial bus such as an IEEE 1394 bus orfirewire, and/or a third generation input/output (3GIO) interface.

One or more input devices 1022 may be connected to the interface circuit1020. The input device(s) 1022 permit a user to enter data and commandsinto the processor 1012. The input device(s) can be implemented by, forexample, an infrared hand held controller, a keyboard, a mouse, atouchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voicerecognition system.

One or more output ports 1024 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1020. The output ports 1024 can be implemented, for example, byserial ports (e.g., DB-9, USB, etc) or parallel ports.

The interface circuit 1020 also includes a communication device (e.g.,communication device 56) such as a modem or network interface card tofacilitate exchange of data with external computers via a network 1026(e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), atelephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The device 1000 also includes one or more mass storage devices 1028 forstoring software and data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1028include flashcards, jump drives, floppy disk drives, hard drive disks,compact disk drives and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

The device 1000 may also include a tuner 1030 for receiving broadcastprograms and/or an MPEG decoder 1032 for compressing, encoding,decompressing and/or decoding the received programs.

The device of FIG. 15 may be representative of the digital recordingdevice 24 and/or the data logging device 26. The data logging device 26may be similarly constructed to the digital recording device 24, but itwould typically not include input device(s) 1022, a tuner 1030 or anMPEG decoder 1032.

Although the above examples focused on video broadcast programs intendedfor consumption on a visual information presenting device 22 (e.g., atelevision) coupled to a digital recording device 24 such as a digitalvideo recorder, a personal video recorder and/or a set top box, personsof ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the methods andapparatus described herein could also be used with broadcast programsintended for consumption on a purely audio information presenting device(e.g., a radio) and/or to analog recording devices (e.g., a cassetterecorder and/or a VCR).

Further, although certain example methods and apparatus have beendescribed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limitedthereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus andarticles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appendedclaims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus to detect portions of a recordedprogram that were not played back in real time, comprising: a timestamper to record a plurality of recording times in association with arecorded program, respective ones of the recording times indicatingtimes of day at which respective sections of the recorded program wererecorded; a memory to store the recorded program; a presentation timeretriever to: retrieve a first recording time of the recording times ofa first section of the sections of the recorded program being playedback; retrieve a second recording time of the recording times of asecond section of the sections of the recorded program being playedback; store the first recording time in association with a firstplayback time of the first section; and store the second recording timein association with a second playback time of the second section; and adetector to compare the first and second recording times to calculate arecording interval.
 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein thefirst playback time is to be provided by the time stamper.
 3. Anapparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the recorded program is storedas a plurality of packets, and the time stamper is to record therecording times in headers of the packets.
 4. An apparatus as defined inclaim 1 further comprising a non-real time content identifier responsiveto a detected difference between the recording interval and a playbackinterval to identify a portion of the recorded program that was notplayed back in real time.
 5. An apparatus as defined in claim 4 whereinthe non-real time content identifier is to identify the portion of therecorded program that was not played back in real time by: comparing astart time of the recording interval associated with the portion of therecorded program that was not played back in real time to known starttimes associated with segments of the recorded program; comparing an endtime of the recording interval associated with the portion of therecorded program that was not played back in real time to known endtimes associated with segments of the recorded program; and if the starttime of the recording interval associated with the portion of therecorded program that was not played back in real time substantiallymatches the known start time of a first segment, and the end time of therecording interval associated with the portion of the recorded programthat was not played back in real time substantially matches the knownend time of the first segment, identifying the first segment as theportion of the recorded program that was not played back in real time.6. An apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein if the start time of therecording interval associated with the portion of the recorded programthat was not played back in real time substantially matches the knownstart time of the first segment, and the end time of the recordinginterval associated with the portion of the recorded program that wasnot played back in real time substantially matches the known end time ofa second segment, the non-real time content identifier is to identifythe first segment, the second segment and any segments between the firstand second segments as the portion of the recorded program that was notplayed back in real time.
 7. An apparatus as defined in claim 5 whereinthe start times and the end times of the recording interval associatedwith the portion of the recorded program that was not played back inreal time are normalized to a broadcast duration of the recordedprogram.
 8. An apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein the non-real timecontent identifier is to identify the portion of the recorded programthat was not played back in real time by: comparing the recordinginterval associated with the portion of the recorded program that wasnot played back in real time to known intervals associated with segmentsof the recorded program; and if the recording interval associated withthe portion of the recorded program that was not played back in realtime overlaps with at least a predetermined amount of at least one ofthe known intervals, identifying at least one segment associated withthe at least one of the known intervals as the portion that was notplayed back in real time.
 9. An apparatus as defined in claim 8 whereinthe recording interval associated with the portion of the recordedprogram that was not played back in real time is normalized to abroadcast duration of the recorded program.
 10. An apparatus as definedin claim 4 further comprising a recapture identifier to determine if aportion of the recorded program that was passed at a rate greater thanreal time was viewed in real time as a result of rewinding the recordedprogram.
 11. An apparatus as defined in claim 10 wherein at least one ofthe time stamper, the memory, the detector or the presentation timeretriever are located at a monitored home, and wherein at least one ofthe detector, the non-real time content identifier, or the recaptureidentifier are located at least one of a collection facility or a datalogging device.
 12. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein therecorded program is stored in the memory as a plurality of data packets,and the recording times are stored in headers of the data packets. 13.An apparatus as defined in claim 12 wherein each of the recording timesis stored in association with at least one respective packet.
 14. Anapparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the first playback time isstored in a log entry data structure to be used to detect portions ofthe recorded program that were not played back in real time.
 15. Anapparatus as defined in claim 14 wherein the presentation time retrieveris to store the first recording time in the log entry data structure inassociation with the first playback time.
 16. An apparatus as defined inclaim 1 wherein the presentation time retriever is to store the firstrecording time in association with the first playback time by storingthe first recording time in a log entry data structure representative ofthe first playback time.
 17. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 furthercomprising a difference detector to detect a difference between aplayback interval and the recording interval, wherein the differencedetector is to, in response to detecting the difference, indicate that aportion of the recorded program corresponding to the recording intervalwas not played back in real time.
 18. An apparatus as defined in claim 1wherein the recorded program is recorded on a local recording devicefrom a broadcast signal.
 19. An apparatus as defined in claim 18 whereinthe local recording device comprises at least one of a digital videorecorder, a set top box, a personal video recorder, or an analog videorecorder.
 20. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein thepresentation time retriever is to store at least one of a channelidentifier, a broadcast station identifier, an input source code, aprogram identifier, a name of the recorded program, a universal networkidentifier, a universal program identifier, a digital recording deviceserial number, a tuner identification number, or a playback mode code inassociation with the first playback time.
 21. An apparatus as defined inclaim 1 wherein: if the recording interval is zero then playback isdetermined to be paused for a duration of a corresponding playbackinterval, if the recording interval has a first sign then acorresponding portion of the recorded program is determined to be playedat a rate different than real time, and if the recording interval has asecond sign opposite the first sign then a rewind event is determined tohave occurred.
 22. A method of developing usage data with respect to arecorded program, comprising: storing recording times in associationwith sections of the recorded program, wherein the recording timesrepresent times of day at which respective ones of the sections wererecorded; playing back first and second ones of the sections; storing afirst one of the recording times corresponding to the first section inassociation with a first playback time of the first recorded section;storing a second one of the recording times corresponding to the secondsection in association with a second playback time of the secondrecorded section; and comparing, via a logic circuit, the first andsecond recording times to generate a recording interval.
 23. A methodfor generating a playback information log file entry, comprising:storing, via a logic circuit, a first timestamp in a log file indicativeof when a stored program is played back, the first timestamp indicatinga time of day; storing, via the logic circuit, a first recording time ofthe stored broadcast in the log file, the first recording timeidentifying a time of day at which a first segment of the stored programwas recorded; and in response to detecting a difference between (1) arecording interval based on the first recording time and a secondrecording time and (2) a playback interval based on the first timestampand a second timestamp, obtaining and storing, via the logic circuit, aprogram identifier in the log file corresponding to at least one of astart time of the recording interval or an end time of the recordinginterval.
 24. A method as defined in claim 23 wherein the log filestores at least one of a broadcast channel number, an input source codefor the stored program, a station name for a station that broadcast thestored program, a program name for the stored program, a universalstation identifier for the station that broadcast the stored program, auniversal network identifier, a universal program identifier, a digitalrecording device serial number, a tuner identification number, or aplayback mode code for the stored program.
 25. A tangible machinereadable storage device comprising instructions that, when executed,cause a machine to at least: store recording times in association withsections of a recorded program, wherein the recording times representtimes of day at which respective ones of the sections were recorded;store a first one of the recording times corresponding to the firstsection in association with a first playback time of the first recordedsection; store a second one of the recording times corresponding to thesecond section in association with a second playback time of the secondrecorded section; and generate a recording interval by comparing thefirst and second recording times.